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Enterprising women: independence, finance and Virago Press, c.1976-1993
Virago Press were established in 1972 and became one of the twentieth century’s most enduring publishing brands. As a women-led enterprise, articulations of independence have defined key moments in Virago’s history. This article explores two moments when the company re-structured as independent, in 1976 and 1987. To become successful, Virago had to overcome barriers that have historically hindered women’s participation in business, namely limited social capital and difficulties accessing finance. Virago founder Carmen Callil’s friendships with publisher Paul Hamlyn and printing entrepreneur Robert Gavron embedded Virago in networks of male entrepreneurial knowledge that helped shape the evolution of the company. Such networks were vital to Virago securing investment from Rothschilds Ventures Limited in 1987 who were, at that time, leading figures in the UK’s growing private equity industry. This article contributes to growing historical understanding of the synergies between financial, arts and culture industries in the 80s. It argues that while this era offered new opportunities for women to participate in business, such participation was tempered by new forms of legal and financial discipline that re-calibrated existing gender inequalities within business cultures. Due to the time periods under consideration, this article also analyses how entrepreneurial practices and opportunities for women changed dramatically with the onset of Thatcher’s ‘Enterprise Culture’
Tuning the electronic transport properties of graphene through functionalisation with fluorine
Engineering the electronic properties of graphene has triggered great
interest for potential applications in electronics and opto-electronics. Here
we demonstrate the possibility to tune the electronic transport properties of
graphene monolayers and multilayers by functionalisation with fluorine. We show
that by adjusting the fluorine content different electronic transport regimes
can be accessed. For monolayer samples, with increasing the fluorine content,
we observe a transition from electronic transport through Mott variable range
hopping in two dimensions to Efros - Shklovskii variable range hopping.
Multilayer fluorinated graphene with high concentration of fluorine show
two-dimensional Mott variable range hopping transport, whereas CF0.28
multilayer flakes have a band gap of 0.25eV and exhibit thermally activated
transport. Our experimental findings demonstrate that the ability to control
the degree of functionalisation of graphene is instrumental to engineer
different electronic properties in graphene materials.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure
Phonons in potassium doped graphene: the effects of electron-phonon interactions, dimensionality and ad-atom ordering
Graphene phonons are measured as a function of electron doping via the
addition of potassium adatoms. In the low doping regime, the in-plane carbon
G-peak hardens and narrows with increasing doping, analogous to the trend seen
in graphene doped via the field-effect. At high dopings, beyond those
accessible by the field-effect, the G-peak strongly softens and broadens. This
is interpreted as a dynamic, non-adiabatic renormalization of the phonon
self-energy. At dopings between the light and heavily doped regimes, we find a
robust inhomogeneous phase where the potassium coverage is segregated into
regions of high and low density. The phonon energies, linewidths and tunability
are remarkably similar for 1-4 layer graphene, but significantly different to
doped bulk graphite.Comment: Accepted in Phys. Rev. B as a Rapid Communication. 5 pages, 3
figures, revised text with additional dat
A review of residual stress analysis using thermoelastic techniques
Thermoelastic Stress Analysis (TSA) is a full-field technique for experimental stress analysis
that is based on infra-red thermography. The technique has proved to be extremely effective for
studying elastic stress fields and is now well established. It is based on the measurement of the
temperature change that occurs as a result of a stress change. As residual stress is essentially a
mean stress it is accepted that the linear form of the TSA relationship cannot be used to
evaluate residual stresses. However, there are situations where this linear relationship is not
valid or departures in material properties due to manufacturing procedures have enabled
evaluations of residual stresses. The purpose of this paper is to review the current status of
using a TSA based approach for the evaluation of residual stresses and to provide some
examples of where promising results have been obtained
Teaching Issues of Identity Through Multicultural Young Adult Literature
Despite changing demographics of high school classrooms, teaching practices and literature remain similar to decades-old practices focusing more on literary devices and symbolism than on topics relevant to the students. Many teachers don’t have the time to find new novels. And when they do find the texts, they are often at a loss for how to properly teach the novels. This thesis is a three-part paper advocating for teaching identity to high school students using a blend of classic literature and contemporary multicultural young adult literature. The first section focuses on personal experiences and research illustrating the need for more multicultural literature in English curriculum. Teenagers need to explore their own identities, but novels that focus on situations not relevant to their situation or culture leads to feelings of marginalization and a disinterest in literature in general. Certain obstacles keep a more progressive teaching approach from happening, but teachers can overcome the obstacles by focusing on student needs.
The second section of the thesis outlines an example unit teaching identity using an older novel, The Great Gatsby, with the newer multicultural young adult novel, American Street. It makes connections between a search for one’s identity as it relates to race and the American dream. The unit gives ideas for questions and activities to enrich discussion of the novels.
Section three of the thesis lists other exemplary contemporary young adult multicultural texts teachers will find useful as they seek additional opportunities to diversify their curriculum. Each novel includes a summary as well as a brief analysis of how the novel connects to identity and culture
Green spines, back story: delving into the early history of Virago reprints and modern classics
While the iconic green spines of Virago Modern Classics have become a fixture in the literary imagination, D-M Withers looks into the early history of feminist publisher Virago Press to explore how the decision to publish a fiction reprint list represented a significant change in the publishing strategy of a company whose main activity had been non-fiction, in new or reprint form
Generation of internal stress and its effects
Internal stresses may be generated continually in many polycrystalline materials. Their existence is manifested by changes in crystal defect concentration and arrangement, by surface observations, by macroscopic shape changes and particularly by alteration of mechanical properties when external stresses are simultaneously imposed
Compositional uniformity, domain patterning and the mechanism underlying nano-chessboard arrays
We propose that systems exhibiting compositional patterning at the nanoscale,
so far assumed to be due to some kind of ordered phase segregation, can be
understood instead in terms of coherent, single phase ordering of minority
motifs, caused by some constrained drive for uniformity. The essential features
of this type of arrangements can be reproduced using a superspace construction
typical of uniformity-driven orderings, which only requires the knowledge of
the modulation vectors observed in the diffraction patterns. The idea is
discussed in terms of a simple two dimensional lattice-gas model that simulates
a binary system in which the dilution of the minority component is favored.
This simple model already exhibits a hierarchy of arrangements similar to the
experimentally observed nano-chessboard and nano-diamond patterns, which are
described as occupational modulated structures with two independent modulation
wave vectors and simple step-like occupation modulation functions.Comment: Preprint. 11 pages, 11 figure
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